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Ramazan Değirmenci - Gözde Nur Akşan - Seçil Hadımlıoğlu - Berna Yılmaz

people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well
as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational
equity.
Türkiye signed this agreement on April 22 2016 in a ceremony held in New
nd,
York. This agreement led to many changes concerning climate change. First
of all, Climate Change and Adaptation Coordination Council was established
by Presidential decree numbered 85, announced on October 29th, 2021
in the Official Gazette. Created to take the necessary measures to prevent
the harmful effects of climate change, set relevant policies to this end, and
maintain collaboration and coordination between public and private sector
and institutions, the council includes 11 members from the ministry, public
institutions, private sector and NGO representatives.

2. Solutions for Climate Resilience in the Cities

Literature review reveals that the concept of resilience and smart city
reveals the need for quick responses to new challenges to render cities
more sustainable and livable (Kunzmann, 2014: 9). To this end, there are five
emerging topics.
a. Determining the Key Effects based on the Scenarios and Risk
Analysis
Strategies towards reducing energy consumption, along with the adaptation
strategies to balance the climate-related effects, represent the important
challenges cities have to overcome to ensure a sustainable environment for
the rapidly growing urban population. Therefore, on the one hand, mitigation
actions decrease CO emissions, and hence, the effects on urban areas. On
2
the other hand, adaptation actions develop the urban capacities to deal with
the inevitable effects of climate change (Papa et al, 2015: 21).
b. Determining Vulnerable Groups
Cities around the world are experiencing the effects of climate change.
As the temperatures and precipitation patterns keep changing, urban areas
are also expected to tackle even greater challenges (IPCC, 2007: 228). To
illustrate, the increase in precipitation volume, the frequency of storms and
natural disasters create additional stress on the infrastructures, buildings,
environmental conditions, urban services and government systems. To keep
themselves alive and livable, cities should be prepared for the ways they
get affected by climate change. At a local level, international protocols are
developed for adaptation planning, and many national governments discuss
the potential issues in such a scale (Granberg and Elander, 2007: 539; Schreurs,
2008: 343).

207 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate