Page 238 - Çevre Şehir İklim İngilizce - Sayı 3

Evaluation of Surface Runoff Risk in The Frame of Landscape Pattern:
The Case of Kastamonu Central District

Among the factors posing a threat for taxa, there are unplanned activities for
tourism and recreation and unplanned construction works for these activities,
forest fires, conversion of natural shrub and pasture habitats into agricultural
land, uncontrolled picking of natural species such as wild orchids to use them
in food-medicine-clothing etc. sectors, overgrazing on the land included in the
Alpine zone in particular, and road construction and quarry-mining activities.

2. Method

Surface runoff is a phenomenon that has a direct relationship with the
characteristics of land use/land cover classes and the spatial arrangement of
the patches constituting these classes. Different LU/LC classes has various
capabilities in terms of managing the stormwater. Schueler (1987) emphasizes
that areas covered with vegetation (especially forests) can delay surface
runoff by 50% compared to urban cover. According to data compiled by
US Environmental Protection Agency-EPA, the Federal Interagency Stream
Restoration Working Group-FISRWG in line with national engineering
guidelines and hydrology data, precipitation waters in an urban area
with a 75%-100% impervious surface returns back to atmosphere by 30%
evapotranspiration while it initiates surface runoff by 55%. On the other hand,
precipitation waters undergo evapotranspiration by 40% on a land which is
covered with vegetation (mainly forest) with less than 10% impervious surface,
and initiate surface runoff by only 10%. Although the reaction of different
LU/LC classes to the surface runoff varies, the relationship of the spatial
arrangement of these classes to this process arouses curiosity.
The research consists of three steps. In the first step, the surface runoff
risk was evaluated based on the analytical hierarchy process. In the second
step, landscape pattern analysis was performed in order to have information
about the spatial arrangement of different classes in the research area
classified according to the CORINE classification system. In the last step, the
surface runoff risk was evaluated according to the landscape structure and the
spatial arrangement of the LU /LC classes, and suggetions were made for the
sustainable development of the Central district of Kastamonu.

2.1. Surface Runoff Risk Analysis Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

The analysis and comparison of a number of alternatives requires balancing
the different types of effects in such a way to reach a consideration for
the value of each alternative. Multi-criteria analysis can make the criteria
systematic in the cases where it is necessary to evaluate more than one factor
at the same time. This type of analysis provides a framework that integrates
the information about the effects with the preferences of decision makers by

Year 2 / Issue 3 / January 2023 223