Page 234 - Çevre Şehir İklim İngilizce - Sayı 3

Evaluation of Surface Runoff Risk in The Frame of Landscape Pattern:
The Case of Kastamonu Central District

The primary goal of the EU Green Deal is set as “regulating the European
climate and emission rates by 2050”. In addition, the issues of ”Conservation
and Improvement of Ecosystems and Biodiversity“ and ”Accelerating the
Transition to Sustainable and Intelligent Mobility” were also put forward as
the main agenda items. In line with these goals, it was planned to move the
conservation and improvement efforts in biodiversity and ecosystems to
higher levels by 2030 (the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030). With the Natura 2000
program, 18% of Europe’s land cover/land uses with specific characteristics in
terms of natural /cultural values were taken under protection, while it is aimed
to increase this rate to 30% with the Green Deal (European Commission,
Green Deal-, 2021).
As it can be seen, the concept of “Sustainable Development” has gained an
interdisciplinary dimension, which strategically become a common problem at
the international level and certain steps were taken to find common solutions.
For this reason, it has become one of the keystones of landscape planning,
especially from the local level to the international level.
According to the bio-systems hierarchical organisation stages, the landscape
has a structure positioned between the biomes and the ecosystems that have
a global impact area where living and inanimate beings are in a systematic
interaction and contains many ecosystems (Odum and Barrett, 2008). The
fact that it occupies such a critical position requires that the concept of
landscape is perceived within a complex and hierarchical network of systems
directly related to environmental science and urban planning disciplines, and
in the same parallel, it is considered as the main determinant that guides
urban and regional planning studies (Aksu, 2020; Oğurlu and Suri, 2021). The
landscape, which contains a large number of animate-inanimate components
and their interaction, forming a complex and functional structure, has a
spatial arrangement in space and creates a motif (pattern) with this feature.
This structure, defined as a landscape pattern, has an important position in
landscape ecology as a vital indicator that reveals the flows and mobility of
water, nutrients, animals, wind and humans in the environment (Forman and
Godron, 1986; Forman, 1995).
Urban ecology researches focus on the interactions of organisms, the built and
physical environment in areas with a density of human population. Organisms
consist of plants, animals and microorganisms; while the built environment is
formed by buildings, roads and other cultural structures. Physical environment
is mainly represented by the air, water and earth. Main subject of the ecology
is the interaction between the organisms and their environment, while urban
ecology is distinguished by its intensive inclusion of the built environment in
these interactions (Forman, 2014).

Year 2 / Issue 3 / January 2023 219