Page 45 - 7. State Of Environment Report Of Türkiye

In terms of reserves and production amounts, Türkiye can be evaluated at the middle level in the
world scale in lignite and at the lower level in hard coal. Approximately 1.6% of the total world
lignite reserves are in Türkiye.

Table 6 Coal Production Amounts for the Years 2015-2022 (Tonnes) (General Directorate of Mining and Petroleum
Affairs (MAPEG), 2023)

Year Hard Coal Lignite Total
2019 1,805,118 92,993,461 94,798,579

2020 1,613,624 84,811,522 86,425,146
2021 1,726,109 90,780,037 92,506,146
2022 1,794,712 102,097,457 103,892,169

4.4. Geothermal

Geothermal energy is the energy obtained by transporting the heat accumulated in the depths
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of the earth’s crust to the surface in liquid and vapour phase. Türkiye ranks 1 in Europe in terms
of geothermal potential and 4 in the world in terms of installed power. The top five countries in
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electricity generation from geothermal energy are USA, Indonesia, Philippines, Türkiye and New
Zealand.

Türkiye is a country rich in geothermal resources due to its geological structure. Low-tempera-
ture (20-70°C) fields are utilised directly as heat energy. The main areas where heat energy is di-
rectly used are greenhouses, thermal hotels and spas and tourism sector, food industry applicati-
ons on fruit and vegetable drying, urban heating applications. Medium-temperature (70-150°C)
and high-temperature (higher than 150°C) fields can be utilised in integrated heating-electricity
generation applications depending on re-injection conditions as well as electricity generation.

Türkiye’s total theoretical geothermal apparent heat potential is 35,500 MWt (thermal
megawatts) and total theoretical geothermal electricity potential is 4,500 MWe. As of the end
of 2022, the geothermal installed capacity of Türkiye is 1,691 MW. In terms of direct heat energy
use, the theoretical potential is estimated to be 7.5 million housing equivalent heat energy and
the economic potential is estimated to be 1 million housing equivalent heat energy. Currently,
geothermal central heating systems provide heat energy equivalent to ~140,000 dwellings
(~1,205 MWt) and 46,400 dwellings equivalent heat energy for spas, thermal hotels and
timeshare facilities.

4.5. Solar

Türkiye has a very high potential in terms of solar energy with an average annual global solar
radiation value of 1,635 kWh/m . This value is higher than many European countries for electricity
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generation from solar energy and is at the level of countries such as Spain and Italy. As of the end
of 2022, the solar installed capacity of Türkiye is 9,425 MW and constitutes 9.1 % of the total
installed capacity.

In line with its domestic and national energy targets, Türkiye is developing various initiatives such
as “Unlicensed Electricity Generation” and Renewable Energy Resources Support Mechanism
(YEKA) model.

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