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Table 13: Prepared by the author using the Benefits and Challenges of Integrated
Pest Management (FAO, 2018h) report.
BENEFITS CHALLENGES

• Reduced operating costs
• Reduced external effects • The transition from traditional
knowledge to innovative approach-
and costs (human health es
problems)
• Improved water quality • Provision of the necessary equip-
ment

2.11. Water Harvesting
Water harvesting means the collection of runoff in various ways for irrigation
purposes in production. Instead of allowing the runoff water to leave the area,
the water is harvested through temporary catchment by using soil and ground
surfaces, and utilised at its source. This is usually performed by designing and
creating small barriers and catchment areas. The purpose here is to keep the
water in many small ponds and to reuse it for various purposes (irrigation, fire
fighting, biodiversity, etc.) instead of allowing it leave the area where it came from.
According to Critchley, 1991, water harvesting is a very important tool for soil and
water protection in semi-arid and drought-prone areas. Both the returns and the
reliability of production can be significantly improved with this technique.

Table 14: Prepared by the author using the Benefits and Challenges of Water
Harvesting (FAO, 2018b) report.
BENEFITS CHALLENGES
• Increase in water infiltration
and catchment areas
• Increase in productivity in • Adoption of the technique in local
arid and semi-arid areas level
• Reduction in erosion and • Seasonal distribution and variabil-
soil loss during times of ity of rain
heavy rain • Investment needs (materials, labor
and machinery)
• Soil restrictions (sandy soils)

154 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate