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Ecosystem Based Adaptation Activities to
Climate Change for Sustainable Agriculture

Table 12: Prepared by the author using the Benefits and Challenges of Integrated
Plant Nutrient System (FAO, 2018g) report.

BENEFITS CHALLENGES
• Improving the applied and
local soil nutrients
• Providing balanced nutrition to
products
• Reducing the negative effects
of nutrient imbalances
• Improving the physical, chemi- • Knowledge-based techniques
cal and biological functionality that require a qualified practi-
of soil and increasing carbon tioner
accumulation • Dependence on the machinery
• Less nutrient filtration to the in certain cases
soil and ground water bodies

2.10. Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based approach to
protection of crops that combines different management strategies and
practices to grow healthy products. While performing this, it minimizes
the use of pesticides, and consequently reduces human health effects and
environmental costs. The first step in IPM is the prevention or control of
harmful organisms. The approach covers crop rotations, pest resistant/tolerant
plow selection, use of standard/certified seed and planting materials, field
sanitation and hygiene measures and cultural measures such as preventing
the outbreak of harmful organisms (e.g. cleaning of affected plants or plant
areas, regular cleaning of machinery and equipment), as well as biological
measures that ensure the protection of important beneficial organisms. Other
non-chemical methods are used in biological, physical and pest control and
monitoring of constantly recurring pests. Pesticides should only be used as a
last option when there are no suitable non-chemical alternatives and when it
is proved to be economic to use them. The pesticides should be used only
for its purpose, in limited quantities as possible, and selected from those that
have the least side effects on human health, non-target organisms, and the
environment (FAO, 2018).

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