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2.8. Efficient Irrigation Techniques

More than 80% of the available water resources are used for irrigation in
the world (Seddon et al. 2016). However, water resources are being over-
consumed and more productivity is needed to feed the growing population.
Infrastructure and management systems should be designed to deliver the
right amount of water to the right place at the right time. Soil type, climate,
crop type, availability, technology cost and producer experience and training
are among the field factors that should be taken into account. (Balage et al.
2015). Transmitting water to the site is another necessary element that should
be taken into account, and it should be aimed to reduce transport losses
through leakage and evaporation, and open channels should be replaced
with closed pipes as much as possible (Baban et al. 2001).

Table 11: Prepared by the author using the Benefits and Challenges of Efficient
Irrigation Techniques (FAO, 2018c) report.
BENEFITS CHALLENGES

• Reduced operating costs • Management can be intensive and
• Reduced water and waste knowledge-based
use • Some regions may need for materi-
• Reduced nutrient loss als that are hard to access
• Increased water table height • Installation and maintenance of
• Available for automation some systems may be difficult

2.9. Integrated Plant Nutrient Management
Integrated Plant Nutrient Management is an ecosystem-based adaptation
activity which optimizes the condition of the soil, with regard to its physical,
chemical, biological and hydrological properties, for the purpose of enhancing
farm productivity, while minimizing land degradation. It aims to use plant
nutrients more rationally by understanding the interaction between different
nutrients (yield-oriented, field and soil specific), to use mineral and organic
fertilizer mixtures, to provide nutrients to a crop system/rotation-based and
on-site and off-site waste recycling system (FAO, 2018).

152 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate