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2.5. Integration of Animal Husbandry and Agriculture

Integrated animal husbandry and plant production means an approach
in which both production systems are carried out together and in the same
area. The key factor here is the development of annual production calendars
that allow planting, growing and harvesting of crops in such a way to allow
animals to consume plant residues at appropriate times, seeding, reduction
of grass growth and fertilizer and urea reduction in the crop area. Imposing
the livestock to spend the night in pastures may quite increase the animal
effect. In addition, fertilizers and urea are also integrated into product systems.
Livestock safety is the primary one among these effects (FAO, 2018).

Table 8: Prepared by the author using the Benefits and Challenges of Integration of
Animal Husbandry and Agriculture (FAO, 2018e) report.

BENEFITS CHALLENGES
• The need to protect and en-
close the crop fields
• Reduction of dependence on • Keeping away the predatory
external inputs animals or ensuring the moni-
• Diversification of economic toring of roaming animals
income and exchange of com- • Long-term release of livestock
munity resources in crop fields may cause soil
• Reduction in the amount of compaction
plant and insect pests • Fertilizer that falls on the soil
• The inclusion of animals may surface may often contain seeds
inside. This condition may
reduce labor costs cause weed problems in the
long or medium term

2.6. Traditional Pasture Management
Traditional pastoral communities all over the world have developed
complex grazing and social systems designed to ensure the maximum use
of natural resources and prevent conflict between land users. Whether they
are nomadic, semi-nomadic or settled social subsistence structures, they
release livestock onto the land to allow pasture growth and recovery. This
is usually seen as a cultural dimension of knowledge handed down through
generations. However, most of this information has been lost due to reasons
such as war, economic development and population growth. The adaptation
of traditional systems to new social, economic and environmental conditions
can contribute to the improvement of land, the creation of better livelihoods
and the prevention of migration focused on cities.

150 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate