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technology to a pilot low-emission limestone and cement facility (LEILAC) in
Belgium. This technology decompounds CO released through calcination by
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heating the raw material and keeping it separate from the burning gasses.
The raw material goes through a pipe with an internal reaction and is heated
externally with a fired heater or electric heat source. Here, the CO released
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from the calcination process is always separate from the air and nitrogen
resulting from burning. As a result, the process CO coming from Calix
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calcination reactor is dry, ready to capture and almost completely pure. Calix
calcination reactor can be heated with renewable energy sources or biofuels
(Beumelburg, 2021). IEA estimates that around 30% of the World’s cement
production facilities will include CCUS and that by 2070, the contribution of
this technology to sectoral CO emission mitigation will be %61 (IEA, 2020a).
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Iron & Steel industry makes up 7% of global CO2 emissions. Carbon Dioxide
is produced by coal and natural gas which serve as reducing agents in direct
reduced iron (DRI) unit, which turns iron ores into elemental iron. There are
substantial efforts in the sector to mitigate emissions through options like
steel recycling, energy efficiency programs, and the use of hydrogen instead
of fossil fuels. Moreover, it is thought that hydrogen-based direct reduced
iron (DRI) will also mitigate emissions to a great deal. However, the most cost-
efficient low-carbon method is CCUS-based production.
Producing 1 ton of steel through DRI equipped with CCUS and innovative
melting and reducing processes typically costs 8-9% more than the current
main commercial production methods. However, the hydrogen-based DRI
method usually increases costs by 35-70% (IEA, 2020a). There is only one
CCUS facility in the iron & steel sector (The Emirates steel facility in Abu
Dhabi) and one in the development stage (Tata Steel’s Everest Project in
the Netherlands). The Emirates Iron & Steel Factory in Abu Dhabi has been
operated as a solvent-based, large-scale commercial CCUS project since
2016. 0.8 Mt of CO is captured yearly in the facility and transported through
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a pipe line for EOR (GCCSI, 2020, 2021b).
In the Chemical Industry, CCUS technologies can be applied with a low
capturing cost thanks to various chemical production processes releasing
almost pure CO . Here as well, the use of electro liquid hydrogen as raw
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material is considered as an important alternative for production of ammonia
and methanol for emission mitigation. Yet, this option is costlier than applying
CCUS to existing or new facilities. CCUS-equipped ammonia and methanol
production increases cost by around 20-40%, while the use of electro-liquid
hydrogen increases costs by 50-115% (GCCSI, 2020; IEA, 2020a).
As for the energy sector, decarbonizing electricity production as soon
as possible is essential for reaching the “net zero“ emission target. Power

70 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate,