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Briefly, CCUS is a low carbon technology preventing carbon dioxide
released from major sources such as energy production facilities and industrial
facilities utilizing fossil fuels and biomass from entering the atmosphere. The
three stages of CCUS shown in Figure 3 are capture, transport and utilization
or safe storage.
Capture – First, CO from industrial facilities such as electricity generation,
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iron steel, fertilizer, cement, chemicals and refining facilities is captured.
There are three methods to capture CO, pre-combustion, post-combustion,
and oxyfuel with post-combustion. Through these methods, over 95% of the
CO can be captured. The most advanced and commonly-adopted capturing
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technologies are chemical absorption and adsorption; the other technologies
include membranes and calcium cycle. The ideal capturing method for
a particular practice depends on the flue gas composition and CO2
concentration of its content, and many other factors such as its flow, operating
pressure, temperature, and potential to be integrated into the original facility,
as well as its cost. (GCCSI, 2021b; Leung, Caramanna, & Maroto-Valer, 2014).
Transport – The captured CO is compressed and transported to a suitable
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storage area. The transport is usually performed through pipelines and ships.
Storage/Utilization – CO is permanently isolated from the Earth’s
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atmospheric carbon cycle by injecting it into a specifically chosen geological
reservoir such as an extinct oil or gas field or a salt water aquifer few thousand
meters deep (0,8-3 km) of the earth’s surface. Or the captured CO is used for
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industrial purposes. Most of the captured CO is used by oil companies for
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Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), but there are many different potential areas
of use; to illustrate, it can be used as raw material for the manufacture of
synfuels, chemicals and construction materials or for the production of clean
aviation fuels. (IEA, 2020a).

Figure 3: CCUS scheme (IEA, 2020a)

66 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate,