Page 155 - Çevre Şehir İklim İngilizce - Sayı 1

Dalya Hazar Kalonya

emissions (25% CO2, 50% CH4, 75% N2O annually), which contributes to
deforestation and destruction of agricultural land to a great extent (Cassman
et al, 2003; Tubiello et al, 2007).
It was declared in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) that
access to food is a basic human right and in 1974, “World Food Conference”
was held. The concept of food security raised in the conference was defined
with a focus on supplies as “availability at all times of adequate world food
supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption
and to offset fluctuations in production and prices”. In the 2001 FAO report,
however, the definition of food security was updated as “a situation that exists
when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life”. Thus, the concept of food safety
was included in the concept of food security. According to Committee on
World Food Security (CSFS), food security has five basic principles: (1)
availability, (2) access, (3) acceptability, (4) adequacy and (5) agency (CSFS,
2015; Koç and Uzmay, 2015). However, climate change threatens these
principles due to reasons including the decrease in the efficiency of plant and
animal production, increase in food prices, decrease in food incomes, etc.
(Koç and Uzmay, 2016).
To avoid it, agro-ecological agriculture, which is an example to recent
remedial agricultural practices, should be promoted. “Agroecology”, which
has been institutionalized as a concept since the 1990s, is a concept that
refers to the operation of agro-systems by providing sustainable agriculture
through the use of biological, ecological, sociocultural, economic and political
mechanisms, functions relationships and designs (Özkaya and Özden, 2021).
Any assessment on the negative effects of climate change on agroecology,
such as droughts, water scarcity, the change in product patterns etc. should
be done within the changing socioeconomic framework of agriculture. Such
assessments should focus on how to deal with climate change with a critical
stance on issues such as the food security of rural population. In addition,
it is thought that the important regional inequalities between developing
and developed countries due to different agricultural and socioeconomic
conditions will increase even further (Rosenzweig and Parry, 1994; Fischer et
al, 2005; Tubiello et al, 2007).
Another issue worth noting in literature is the fact that the product and
pasture physiological responses to the climate change effects observed
experimentally on land and farmland in rural areas are largely underestimated.
Furthermore, it is also observed that the potential negative effects are largely
undiscovered and this decreases the reliability of the regional and global

140 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate,