Page 367 - Çevre Şehir İklim İngilizce - Sayı 4

Süleyman Toy - Zeynep Eren

4. Additional heat is also generated due to the energy consumption
required for various human activities such as domestic heating, cooling
and transportation (Mansour et al. 2022).
5. Since urban surfaces are impermeable to water, rainwater is quickly
washed away by surface runoff. In addition, since the urban environment
lacks green spaces, another source of moisture, there is less moisture
from evapotranspiration (Lin et al. 2018).
The above-mentioned characteristics of the urban environment cause
changes in climate elements based on the surroundings. For many cities
in our country, there are studies in which climate characteristics and urban
characteristics are examined or greenhouse gas emission inventories are
created. In the studies conducted, the land use changes were not evaluated
in the long term, and only the long-term changes in climate components
were monitored by statistical analysis. It is highly necessary to consider the
relationships between human factors such as urban land use, population,
number of vehicles, etc. and climate components in all aspects.
Although cities cover a limited area in the world, they are the areas that
produce the most human-induced pressures on the climate system. These
impacts also affect the physical and mental health, economic and social welfare
of people exposed to changing climatic characteristics. In order to eliminate
these impacts caused by cities, many different views and approaches have
emerged in terms of spatial planning, and finally, the concept of sustainability
has been adapted to cities and different planning and design principles have
been developed under the sustainable city approach.
The performance of spatial and socioeconomic analyzes that will guide
such planning approaches and result in correct planning decisions depends
on the production of data from the correct parameters and their monitoring.
Only in this way can the effects of cities on climate change be reduced and
cities that are resistant to the impacts of climate change can be created.
Parameterization, monitoring and evaluation of the urban characteristics
for climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts serves to use them
as exposure and vulnerability (sensitivity and adaptive capacity) indicators
in impact chain analyses within the scope of adaptation and to determine
their vulnerability levels. In the mitigation efforts, these parameters and their
values can be used directly as a measure of mitigation. The monitoring of the
data obtained is also highly important for the formation of city models, with
sustainable infrastructure, that are resistant to climate hazards and risks, and
for the creation and initiation of climate-change adaptation and mitigation
actions in cities. Therefore, the standard data sets of urban characteristics
should be created to enable the determination, monitoring and evaluation

356 The Journal of Environment, Urban and Climate