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Orhan Topal

“operator” in the public transport operating activities. It is also essential to
carry out operations and maintenance & repair activities for the electric buses
by means of the existing workforce within the public transportation authority.
No external stakeholders or financing sources are used within the scope of
the model.
This business model, defined as the Traditional Model, is the most frequently
preferred approach by the local governments in Türkiye. This model is also
applied for the activities after the termination of the contracts once signed
in the scope of supplying the buses with a 2, 3 or 5-year maintenance & repair
guarantee which is widely used in Türkiye.

2.2. Operational Outsourcing Model
Another business model based on electric buses in public transportation
enterprises is the approach in which business activities are carried out entirely
in the form of service procurement. In this model, procurement and ownership
of the buses are under the local government as the public transportation
authority; and operation services as well as maintenance & repair activities are
performed by an external contractor / operator. In this model, the procurement
processes of electric buses are carried out within the framework of the current
Public Procurement Law and using equity sources, similar to the traditional
model mentioned above.
Maintenance & repair and operations of vehicles conducted in the scope
of this model are subject to supervision by the public transportation authority.
This model has been used by IETT General Directorate in 2 different locations
for the existing internal combustion bus concepts (Topal, 2021).

2.3. Private Operator Model
In this model, which differs from the traditional procurement approaches
for public transportation systems, it is essential that public transportation
operations are carried out by a private operator. The ownership of the electric
buses used here is under the private operator who procured it within the scope
of public transportation service, rather than public transportation authority
(local government). The time for operational service becomes a critical aspect
due to the costs to be incurred for the financing of electric buses within the
scope of the model.
The funding for procurement of the buses can be in general obtained
from an external bank or a similar financial institution for this business model
since the maintenance & repair and the operational costs of the buses as
well as other relevant costs belong to the private operators. In this respect,
this model directly requires a different stakeholder; it has been applied in
the past by Otobüs A.Ş. (Bus Inc.) under İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality

310 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate