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and fulfill their responsibilities for social, economic and political benefits as
well as advantages to international relationships. In this respect, it is expected
to take into account the important points in IPCC reports as guidance and
reduce them to five points of interest, namely, industry, services, basic services/
infrastructure, human settlement and social problems.
There are certain obvious effects of climate change on services. A case in
point is the changes in the need for cooling and heating of commercial and
public buildings (including hospitals and schools). Climate change has quite
speculative effects on inter-zonal trade. Climate change may also cause
interruptions in transportation activities, which play an important role in
national and international trade (Figure 3).
Shifts in trade shares
More effected regions Less effected regions
Decreased Increased
Comparative comparative
advantage Environmental Migration advantage
Figure 3: The General effects of climate change on international trade
In Norway, for instance, due to excessive exposure, transportation costs
could increase due to delays and cancellations in train rides in private and
public sector, change of routes and interruptions in other activities.
12 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate,
