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Smart Cities and Sustainable Urban Regeneration

technologies (ICT) actively in process management. According to Partigöç,
in this way, it will be possible to achieve the target of Society 5.0, which is a
human-centered society model living in prosperity. In this respect, technology
undertakes the role of connector that will ensure “direct interaction between
people, institutions and urban services” (Dinç, 2020: 23).
There are many studies describing smart cities and their components. The
most cited and generally accepted classification among them belongs to
Giffinger et al. (2007). According to this classification, smart city components
are: (1) smart people; (2) smart government; (3) smart economy; (4) smart
mobility; (5) smart environment and (6) smart living. A conceptual road map
has also been developed with the sub-indicators associated with these
components. However, since no widely-accepted, common and single
component analysis and indicator set for smart cities exist, there are many
different and disconnected/independent studies that address various
indicators on smart cities/urbanism and rank cities in line with the indices
developed based on these indicators (e.g., Cohen, 2014; European Parliament,
2014; Giffinger et al., 2007). It is generally seen that the smart city/urbanism
approach also includes the concept of sustainability. On the other side, the
assessment of cities only through smart components leads to use of a limited
perspective as a tool to address cities. However, considering the current
situation of cities today, when the sustainability targets set internationally and
nationally have not been fully achieved yet (see United Nations, 2022), it is
unrealistic to expect smart components to have been implemented (or being
implemented) quickly and to make an evaluation based on this expectation.
Therefore, the studies which present a general overview of cities via the time-
series data play an important role in showing in which areas cities have made
progress and in which areas they have stagnated or regressed. One of these
studies is the Cities in Motion (CIM) city model developed by IESE Business
School University of Navarra Center for Globalization and Strategy.
The model is based on four main themes (IESE Business School University of
Navarra Center for Globalization and Strategy, 2014). These are: (1) sustainable
ecosystem; (2) innovative activities; (3) fairness among citizens; and (4) connected
territory. In this context, 10 different dimensions have been described. These
dimensions are: (1) governance; (2) public management; (3) urban planning;
(4) technology; (5) environment; (6) international outreach; (7) social cohesion;
(8) mobility and transportation; (9) human capital; (10) economy. Within the
scope of this study, different indicators were described for each dimension,
Cities in Motion Index (CIMI) values were calculated for the cities included in
the evaluation on a yearly basis, and the cities were ranked according to these

Year 2 / Issue 4 / July 2023 77