Page 378 - Çevre Şehir İklim İngilizce - Sayı 4

Settlement Model From Lowlands to Mountains
May Prevent Carbon Dioxide Toxicity
The Positive Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Plants

As it is known, CO is the basic input for plants to perform photosynthesis.
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Idso and his team (1998), in their study on urban CO dome of the Phoenix
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city, found that CO values in the afternoon are lower than pre-dawn values
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since urban vegetation probably consumes CO by photosyntesis, and stated
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that high CO concentrations in cities could show positive effects on the
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vegetation growing in the city. In a study conducted in Kuwait, it was found
that following the seasons when plants bloom, CO values decrease and the
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following the seasons when plants dry out, CO values increase (Nasrallah et al.,
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2003). Lichtfouse and his team (2003) also conducted a study in Paris in which
they revealed the contribution of CO emitted from fossil fuels to plant tissues
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with an isotope-based study. High CO not only supports photosynthesis as a
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raw material, but also supports the formation of urban heat islands in a small
amount and promote plant growth in temperate regions (Rogers et al., 1999;
Menzel and Fabian, 1999; Balling Jr. et al. 2001).
It is necessary to apply spraying (fertilizing) CO in under cover production
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systems such as greenhouses, and when CO values fall below 1200 ppm, the
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efficiency decreases in parallel (Tezcan et al., 2011). When the carbon dioxide
concentration in greenhouse air is increased, plants grow more; their growth
rate can be increased by 100-200% and average yield by 50-55% (De Pascale
and Maggio, 2008; Tezcan et al., 2011).

Using the Lowlands For Agriculture, Slopes For Settlement
Lowlands are available areas for agriculture; however, earthquakes have a
destructive effect due to the growth of the amplitude of earthquake waves
in lowlands (loose soils), liquefaction and ground displacement movements
(Yilmazer, 2002:12; Yilmazer and Yilmazer, 2002). A striking example of this can
be seen in the Düzce Plain. Faults heat the Düzce Plain from below, ventilate it
and feed it with minerals; thus, they turn it into a productive agricultural land
(Yılmazer et al., 2022). Düzce which was settled by the end of 19th century in
the middle of a plain, has experienced many earthquake and flood disasters
to date; on the other hand, the thousands of years of historical Konuralp
adjacent to the fault/plain has not been damaged by earthquakes and floods
(Yılmazer et al., 1999; Yilmazer et al., 2004, Yilmazer et al., 2020, Yilmazer et al.,
2021) (Figure 3).

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