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areas (Oke, 1982; Glaeser and Kahn, 2010; Depietri et al., 2012; Bai et al., 2018).
Urban heat island affects cities in many fields such as energy consumption,
soil, water system, especially the built environment (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The effect of urban heat island on cities (Phelan et al., 2015)
The urban heat island, being studied for many years, is one of the most
focused consequences of climate change (Glaeser and Kahn, 2010; Peng et
al., 2012; Rosenzweig et al., 2018). The urban heat island, which exists in all
cities in the world, also has a linear relationship with human settlement and
the level of urbanization (Filho et al., 2018; Meehl et al., 2018). The increase
in the urban population directly affects the housing demand. This causes a
continuous development of construction in cities. The increase in urbanized
areas also lead to significant changes in land cover with the elimination of
green areas (Mirzaei and Haghighat, 2010; Norton et al., 2015).
The intensity of the urban heat island is influenced by many elements such
as the urban form, meteorological conditions, seasons. The urban heat island
is generally formed under high-pressure weather conditions as a result of the
fact that the artificial surfaces and buildings of cities cool down slower than the
natural areas located in the environment. However, since there are differences
in land use and surface properties in every city, the temperature differences
within the urban area change (Oke, 1973; Gago et al., 2013; Mohajerani et al.,
2017; Yuan et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2017; He, 2018).

320 The Journal of Environment, Urban and Climate