Page 330 - Çevre Şehir İklim İngilizce - Sayı 4

A Systematic Review of the Urban Heat Island Effect:
Urban Form, Landscape and Planning Strategies

the formation of urban heat islands (UHI) which is expressed as the formation
of a temperature difference in urban and rural areas (Yao et al., 2017; Dai et
al., 2018). There are numerous studies investigating the density (Schwarz et al.,
2011; Peng et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2014) and possible causes of urban heat
island. The most important result reached in these studies is that the urban
heat island formation was determined as an environmental effect deriving
from man-made activities (Stone et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2014; Wang et al.,
2015; Peng et al., 2016; Li et al., 2017; Canan, 2017; Dai et al., 2018; Çilek Ünal,
2022). How to reduce the problem of excessive temperature in urban areas is
among the most basic research topics (Fischer and Schar 2010; Çobanyılmaz
and Yüksel, 2013; Stone et Dec., 2013; Georgescu et al., 2014; Gunawardena
et al., 2017; Ramamurthy and Bou-Zeid, 2017; Sun et al., 2019).
A prominent consequence of climate change is the continuous increases
in temperatures. In the field of urban planning, it is a significant requirement
to develop nature- and design-based solutions to allow cities be more
resilient, more compatible and overcome this process with minimal damage
while combating the climate change on a local scale. It is estimated that it
will affect people more harshly and destructively in the future, as increasing
temperatures trigger the formation of urban heat islands. In this context, it is
necessary to reduce the urban heat island effects in order to make urban areas
more resilient to the negative effects of climate change and to ensure urban
sustainability (IPCC, 2022). Currently, in the process of combating climate
change, the urban heat island is among the main research topics that should
be focused on. Since it accelerates global warming by significantly increasing
the global temperature and energy consumption, it is quite necessary to
develop strategies to prevent and mitigate the urban heat island effect. In
this context, the study presents a systematic review of planning strategies
in accordance with green infrastructure, architectural design and albedo
parameters, focusing on the urban heat island effect, urban heat island and
urban form and landscape relationship, in order to provide an analysis that
can guide planning policies for allowing the cities be more compatible during
the climate change process.

1. Urban Heat Island Effect

The concept of urban heat island is considered as one of the most important
forms of local anthropogenic climate change. The concept is defined as
”higher temperatures in urban areas compared to rural areas” (Howard,
1883; Oke, 1982; Arnfield, 2003; Streutker, 2003; Yüksel and Yılmaz, 2008;
Çobanyılmaz and Yüksel, 2013; Santamouris, 2013). In addition, it is expressed
as the formation of a positive heat balance in urban areas compared to rural

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