Page 17 - Çevre Şehir İklim İngilizce - Sayı 2

Elif Özlem Aydın

Introduction

We have been learning time and again through the incidents we
witness that life is finite for human beings. Built environment that we
construct through planning, architecture and engineering are the
most concrete testimonials that we hand down to next generations.
In fact, they are the existing traces of volumes of written documents.
The sustainable existence of the living beings in the world depends on their
adaptation to nature. The efforts of living things to survive in their habitat,
i.e. the world, shapes nature. Living beings which can not only think, but
also move may be accepted as the species that have the biggest effect on
the transformation of the world. Humankind has shaped this world for ages
to maintain their existence. It is possible to say that according to recorded
history, the most important formation and transformation in nature took place
with the Industrial Revolution in the 19 century. The transformation that the
th
world experienced after the Industrial Revolution in all fields from agriculture
and food to education, architecture to urbanization, production to finance,
and transportation to logistics has recently gained momentum with the age
of information and technology (2022).
The biggest transformation in terms of architecture and urbanization was
also experienced with the Industrial Revolution. Especially in the field of
industrialization, the standardization of steel increased the possibility of making
high and large span structures, and the discovery of reinforced concrete made
it possible to build populous cities. In industrialized cities with increased job
opportunities, architecture and urbanization rapidly improved and cities
expanded. The most crowded city of human history was recorded in 1700 as
Ayutthaya in Thailand, with a population of 1.000.000 at the time (Kültür servisi
web site, 2022). Considered the city where Industrial Revolution originated,
London had a population of 2.320.000 in (Kültür servisi web site, 2022). The
population of New York in 1925 was 7.740.000 (Kültür servisi web site, 2022), while
Tokyo had a population of approximately 37.732.000 in 2021 A.D (Wikipedia web
site,2022), making it one of the most crowded cities of our day. With the Industrial
Revolution, in 200 years, which can be considered a relatively short period, the
population of the most crowded city in the world increased twentyfold. This is
directly related to easy access to communication and transportation facilities,
and the rapid increase in the exchange of information and technology transfer.
The growing population in the cities increases urban development and triggers
social dynamics, also causing environmental problems.
This study explains the concept of resilient settlement, reviews the
transformations experienced due to critical periods in recorded history which
can be called “revolution” as they witness productions that humankinds see

3 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate