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Elçin Sarı - Sevim Pelin Öztürk - İmdat As

built environments to a great extent. Governance networks consist of the
relationship between institutional structures and organizations (Yaman and
Tezer, 2011). Urban resiliency is assessed in the light of these components.
The increased vulnerability of cities, uncertainties over social developments,
and the increase in awareness of risks, have made building resilient cities
necessary. Today, large cities, such as New York City, London and Amsterdam
have to deal with significant natural threats, e.g. the rise of sea water levels
due to global warming. They developed and implemented resilient urban
plans to address such potential future threats.

b. Smart and Resilient Cities

The size and socio-demographic structure of cities are the most important
factors that play a role in the vulnerability against natural disasters, social
crises, and sudden shocks (Kummitha and Crutzen, 2017; Labaka et al, 2019).
With rapid urbanization and increased population, issues such as energy
scarcity, air pollution and waste management gain great importance (Zhu et
al, 2019). Through the use of information and communication technologies
in smart cities, steps are taken to anticipate and prepare for potential issues
and improve the development of the city as well as to solve the existing
problems (Batty et al, 2012). It is known that humans, data, information and
learning have a great impact on increasing the quality of life in smart cities
(Albino et al, 2015; Lytras and Visvizi, 2018). In the light of this information,
studies are underway to render global-scale cities smarter. For example, to
optimize the traffic and parking conditions of San Diego, there are smart
sensor applications (Montgomery, 2019). The Canadian government created
the Vancouver Greenest City 2020 Action Plan and announced that it adopted
the Smart City 3.0 model.
The social welfare of a city is in direct proportion to its resilience against
potential shocks (Labaka et al, 2019). Smart city systems play an important
role in developing urban resilience (Zhu et al, 2019). Today’s cities have to deal
with issues such as overpopulation, transportation, air pollution economic
fluctuations, safety, health, social conflicts, land loss, climate change etc.
(Abella et al, 2017). Smart city applications deal with such urban problems and
provide smart solutions (Bansal et al, 2017). However, the use of information
and communication technologies as well as other modern technologies lead
to constantly surveilling cities and generating big data without the consent of
the citizens (Kummitha and Crutzen, 2017; Han and Hawken, 2018). Therefore,
the technologies used in smart cities must be smart, simple, economical, and
integrated with the other systems, aim for the most efficient use of resources,

123 Journal of Environment, Urbanization and Climate