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SUGGESTIONS FOR THE PARAMETRIZATION OF

URBAN CHARACTERISTICS TO INCREASE THE
CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF CITIES IN TÜRKİYE

Süleyman TOY - Zeynep EREN

1. Introduction

Climate refers to a complex system composed of different components that
affect one other and the statistical course of changes in this system (Türkeş
2010; IPCC 2018). The basic components of this system are the physical and
chemical properties of the atmosphere, large water surfaces (hydrosphere),
glaciers and long-term snow cover (cryosphere), land surfaces and living
things (biosphere). Being exposed to various external forcing mechanisms,
the climate system is affected and forced to change. The most important
drivers of this forcing mechanism are the radiative forcing caused by the
sun, and the variable properties of land surfaces (IPCC 2018; Türkeş 2020).
Moreover, many physical, chemical and biological events that occur as a result
of the interaction of system components are also a part of the external forcing
mechanism. The human activities which are directly influential on the climate
system are also considered as external forcing (IPCC 2018). Urbanization is
among the important human activities leading to climate change (Figure 1).

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