Page 121 - 7. State Of Environment Report Of Türkiye

Due to the fact that the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are permeable to the incoming
solar radiation, but much less permeable to the long-wave ground radiation emitted back, the
natural process that enables the earth to warm up more than expected and regulates the heat
balance is called the natural greenhouse effect.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol
(KP) require the control of six major greenhouse gases (CO , CH N O, Hydrofluorocarbons-HFC,
2
4,
2
Perfluorocarbons-PFC and Sulphurhexafluoride-SF ). Chlorofluorocarbons-CFC and Hydrochlo-
6
rofluorocarbons-HCFC, which cause ozone depletion in the stratosphere, are controlled by the
Montreal Protocol.
In the fight against climate change, the main policies and measures that come to the forefront
are concentrated in the energy, transport, industrial processes, agriculture, waste and land use
and forestry sectors.

B.1. General Climate Data

B.1.1 Precipitation Distribution of Türkiye
The average annual areal precipitation in Türkiye is 573 mm (1991-2020). According to the long-
term averages, the highest precipitation in Türkiye is over 1,600 mm in Rize and Artvin coasts of
the Eastern Black Sea Region, while the lowest precipitation is observed in the central parts of
Central Anatolia and around Şanlıurfa, Ağrı and Iğdır (Map 8).
Annual precipitation is irregular throughout Türkiye, some years below normal and some years
above. While 2008 was the driest year since 1974 (452 mm), the following year was the wettest
year since 1974 (728 mm) (Graph 14).
In terms of regional precipitation, the Black Sea Region receives the most precipitation and the
Central Anatolia Region receives the least precipitation in Türkiye. While the annual precipita-
tion norms of the Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean and Black Sea regions are above 600 mm,
they fall around 402 mm in the Central Anatolia Region (Graph 15).

Graph 14 Areal Precipitation Normals for Türkiye (1991-2020) General Directorate of Meteorology (TSMS), 2024)
Areal Precipitation Normals for Türkiye

728
700 659
608 601 637 624 642 625 620 646 605 627 642
600 587 581 584 568 567 575 587 585
553 523 514 530 558 551 452 483 503 500 525 504
500
Precipitation [mm] 400

300

200
100

0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Rainfall Amount
Normal (1991-2020): 573.4 mm

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