Page 249 - Çevre Şehir ve İklim Dergisi İngilizce - Özel Sayı

Aynur Güneş Yilmaz - Onur Beyazoğlu
Bayram Hopur - Emre Yavuz

barriers to air circulation, and emissions from industry and traffic. Intense
urbanization and materials, such as concrete and asphalt, trap heat by absorb
sunlight (Tamer, 2020). Tall buildings that create barriers to air circulation
obstruct wind flows, leading to the accumulation of warm air (Karakaya and
Kızılkaya, 2020). Emissions from industry and vehicles strengthen the UHI
effect by increasing temperatures (Öztürk et al., 2021).
Surface heat islands refer to the condition where surface temperatures
in a specific area are higher compared to the surrounding area. They occur
because cities have materials on their surfaces that retain more heat compared
to natural surfaces (Duran, 2018).
The main factors influencing the formation of surface heat islands are listed
below:
• Material properties:
Structures such as asphalt and concrete absorb and store more sunlight.
(Yazıcı and Akbıyık, 2020).
• Decrease in the amount of green spaces: With urbanization, the
decrease in green spaces and the loss of vegetation that absorbs and
diffuses sunlight increase surface temperatures. (Kurtuluş et al., 2017).
• Urban planning: Urbanization leads to the destruction of natural surfaces
and the spread of surfaces that retain more heat. (Çetinkaya, 2019).
Surface Heat Island, unlike Atmospheric Heat Island, refers not only to the
increase in air temperature but also to the increase in surface temperature.
It focuses on two variables, which are the increase in both air and surface
temperatures, and it is studied using remote sensing methods (Tamer, 2020).
Increased building density, street canyon layouts that reduce air circulation
depending on wind direction, and less green vegetation hinder the evaporation-
transpiration process, thereby contributing to atmospheric warming and an
increase in air temperature (Tiwari et al., 2021) (Figure 3).

Figure 3. The Impact of Green Infrastructure Scenario on the Urban Heat Island
Formation (Tiwari et al., 2021).

236 Journal of Environment, Urban and Climate