Page 223 - Çevre Şehir İklim İngilizce - Sayı 4

Sezayi Köse - Zeynep Ayan - Ebru Vural
Kübra Özcivan - Yeşim Koçdemir
2.3. The Period Between 1950 - 1980

The period that started with the 1950s stands out as the time when İstanbul
headed into an urbanization process at an unprecedented speed. During this
period, migration and urbanization caused permanent problems, especially in
major cities, and the housing problem of the population arriving by migration
against the solution proposals for housing problems that did not correspond
to all social classes resulted in the illegal slums constructed on public lands
located close to the city and industrial centers (Tekeli, 2013: 285).
The urban population, which was 20% between the 1940s and 1950s,
increased to 35% in the 1960s; and the slum areas stared to emerge, consisting
of 1-2 storey slums, which did not meet the construction criteria of the period,
built by the rural population migrating to metropolitan cities such as İstanbul,
Izmir, Ankara (Aydınlı and Çiftçi, 2015:196).
These neighborhoods were sometimes built illegally on private land and on
public land, becoming the source of today’s property problems.
With the transition to the planned period in the 1960s, approaches such as
improvement, elimination and prevention were adopted within the framework
of the Anti-Squatting Law No. 775. Although Law No. 775 provides a legal
basis for improvement and prevention practices, urbanization activities were
not sufficient to prevent slum development and solve housing problems until
1980 (Demirtaş, 2019:26). During this period, an urban texture consisting of
1-2 storey slums that were built illegally on public lands close to the work
areas emerged in İstanbul.

2.4. The Period Between 1980 - 2000
The post-1980 period featured as the time when the effects of an open
liberal economy and globalization began to be seen for metropolitan cities.
Especially the structuring process in İstanbul, which had been realised in
two separate ways as legally and illegally, started to spread towards the
periphery of the city with the increase of transportation connections on the
one hand, and on the other hand, a new process was emerged where the
central business areas developed (Ataöv and Osmay, 2007:67). Due to the
inability of the increasing population to meet the housing needs, the urban
land becoming increasingly valuable and the impact of the market caused by
free market conditions, the slums which were previously built as 1-2-storey
structures turned into 4-5-storey structures with additional floors. As a result of
the investigation of illegal settlements as a phenomenon, they were included
into the basis of legal legislation during that period, and separate zoning
rules were established for slums, except for the areas where the Zoning Law
is applied in cities. Upon the differentiation of housing supply forms, the

212 The Journal of Environment, Urban and Climate